Carbon may be an element that we know as the day a day soft charcoal black soot, residue burning, the dihujat the environmentalis create CO2 as a climate change makes the world more heat.
Carbon prices vary widely, there is almost a carbon has almost no value, you can buy a sack used for burning charcoal, with just the cheap price, there is also a carbon has little value after the process as active carbon or carbon / graphite is so easy to use software to be eye pencil to write, and there are also quite expensive carbon that when processed into fibers, and carbon and is used in various structures such as a lightweight badminton rackets (Carbonex) or tennis racket, golf stick, stick inducement to the structure of Formula One cars are very lightweight, to structure and invisible fighter satellite relies on the use of carbon composite.
Carbon is one of so much material that is in the earth, and all of the material / material that is in this world, there is a material that has a very high value, sought the search for beauty and good nature of mechanical assets. Diamond or diamond material is a white jewel and sometimes with a black-ray bright and interesting, and is currently the material that is known and the most expensive most sought
Create a scientist, diamond is the most hard materials, with the extreme characteristics. When compared with other materials, diamond is always the top ranking. In addition, known as material terkeras, at least compression, the most rigid good heat conductor, with the smallest coefficient expansi heat, resistant to acid and alkali, transparant and Berlian is one material that has a negative electron.
Indeed have the beauty of diamonds and the nature of the characteristics sought by many people looking. However, who suspected that the white material with bright rays are used to this set of carbon dioxide a jet that has a meaning that is not processed. Diamonds that form a set of individual elements of carbon, with a characteristic atomic arrangement iterance C specifically so that the crystal form to create a solid diamond with different charcoal. Only because the order of the C atoms are formed which create a special crystal Diamond stronger than even steel.
Key fundamental differences between the charcoal graphite diamond crystal structure is the order of the element Carbon. The formation of crystals that are very different this process is influenced by thermal and kinetik received by a set of carbon. Where the temperature and pressure on the rest of the regular burning of carbon or charcoal will only create a soft graphite and black soot. However, when the burning is done at high temperature followed by the pressure environment around the high, the crystal arrangement of carbon atoms become increasingly dense and so special that produce a strong diamond, hard sparkler.
Environment is the appropriate form of carbon black has become a diamond crystal is bright white. High temperature, high pressure to make the order of C atoms in the diamond becomes very dense, and release the structure of bond default charcoal into ties with the new layout.
Most of the current environmental problems caused by human activities and socio-economic environment due to the bad events that affect the earth as a whole in both the present and in the future. The increase of CO2 emissions that accompany the consumption of fossil fuels and global warming result in more poor quality water, waste due to the increasing lifestyle changes, and others. This is an example of environmental problems at the moment.
Today, global warming is the most serious problem among the problems which caused the increase in environmental temperature, climate change, rising sea surface water, ecological changes that give greater influence to the basic human existence. In addition, the problem of damage to the ozone layer, acid rain, oksidan fotokimia, and others to give effect to the health and the environment, not only environmental problems air, but also environmental problems of water and land which is in the condition which can not be ignored.
One of the environmental problem of waste is generated from the social and economic activities at this time, in the form of large-scale production, consumption of large-scale, large-scale waste. From the waste and then have problems in the form of earth movement toxic waste from developed countries to developing countries.
Environmental problems can result in destruction of valuable natural environments such as forests, rivers, beaches and others, in addition to damage to the biological diversity that is essential for humans. Therefore the need for international efforts to tackle this.
1. Environmental problems of water
Water provides many benefits to both men to drink, daily life, industry and others. In the natural cycle of water vapor into rain and come down to earth, in the forest, in the land, down to the river and continue to flow to the sea, the evaporation ago to rain again. In the process of pollutant materials are cleaned. In addition, the water between the time of the air and to the river to the sea many times used in various forms as water resources, then returned again to the water cycle. This process gives a great influence to the water, and therefore to give effect to the land and living creatures.
When the cycle is complete can not happen, it will appear different debit instability such as damage to the river water (the emergence of the city due to water damage, the reduced water debit of normal, and others), interruption of water sources, the poor quality water, and other .
Water pollution will provide a broad influence on the flow of rivers and the sea, there is also a deposit in the bottom of the water in the form of hazardous material and has a long-term after several years because these materials can cause interference on human health.
Through the sea pollution could spread to the whole world and have a possible influence to the ecology of animals, especially water.
2. Problems of land
Soil forming factors is the environment that are important, the existence of a basic living creatures, including humans, have an important role for the materials cycle and ecology. Land has a function to produce food, timber, clean air and water to the land, sustain ecological, and others. Damage to the land will give effect to the existence of humans and other living creatures and the ecology. Compared with the water or air, land it is very diverse and response to hazardous materials also vary. The influence of the man usually given to the indirect as the medium through biological or food. They are usually local and different from one place to another.
There is also a problem changing land / dry areas become deserts. According to the UNEP in 1991 in the world there are more than 6.1 billion hectares of dry land, of which 900 million hectares is the area that is a very dry desert sand. This will be a big problem because about 70% of the dry area (3.6 billion ha) or about ¼ wide earth's surface will turn into desert.
3. The problem of waste
Social economic activities at this time a large-scale production, consumption of large-scale and large-scale production of waste. Along with the rising standard of living was increasing the volume of waste, various types of waste, and the reduced capacity of the waste disposal. This is increasing the burden on the environment in each phase to become a source of waste.
In the case of hazardous waste, most visible form of increased cases berpindahnya location of waste processing. Because of the diversity of quality and increasing waste volume of waste, the waste processing move from countries with high cost of processing to countries with lower processing costs, or move from state laws that have strict processing of waste to countries that loose rules. There is a concern when the recipient country does not perform the processing of waste properly, then the country will receive an influence on the environment or ecology. Moving hazardous waste is also a problem. Because the plan to begin to move the waste from developed countries to developing countries, then made a discussion on international based in UNEP, and in 1989 in Basel, Switzerland created a Convention Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their disposal.
4. Natural environmental issues
Forest Area in the earth is approximately ¼ wide earth's land, on the extent of about 1995 billion in 3454 ha. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), forests in the world, especially tropical forests, throughout the world decrease of 56.3 million ha from 1990 to 1995. Average each year about 11.3 million ha of forest destroyed, and this is about 30% of the total area of Japan. Forest Area, since 1990 until 1995 in developed countries (except Russia) is 8.78 million ha, but in developing countries decreased by more than 7 times the number of growing forest in developed countries or of 65.15 million ha (average per year 11.03 million ha), and speed of the high forest destroyed. Among developing countries, reduction in tropical forest is the most quickly. For non-tropical forest areas in developing countries, from 1990 to 1995 average annual broad forest decreased 430 thousand ha, while the tropical forest is reduced 12.59 million ha. The cause of the reduced tropical forests in developing countries is social and economic problems such as poverty, population increase, land regulations, and others. Because the plant CO2 in the air into organic material through fotomorfosis, tropical forests play a role as a source of CO2 absorption. Reduction in forest akan accelerate global warming rate. Besides mentioned that 50 - 80% of the living creatures on earth live in tropical forests, tropical forests also have an important role in maintaining biological diversity. Reduction in tropical forest will make extinction of animals and plants, and result in decreasing the seeding seeds.
5. Problems diversity of plants and animals other
According to UNEP estimated that there are 3 - 11.1 million species on earth including the plant species that have not been known. When this has been confirmed that there are about 1.75 million species. The variety of species such as this with its level of diversity in the genes, the diversity of ecology, they all referred to as biological diversity. But biological diversity is rapidly destroyed when the forest destruction continues, it is estimated that about 4% -8 types of flora that live in tropical forests will be extinct.
Currently the rate destroyed flora and fauna began already slowed. Type of flora is destroyed not because of natural processes, but mainly because of social economic activities of men. To keep the preservation of plants and wildlife that is made of a convention Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
Most of the environmental problems caused by the current social and economic human activities. Memburuknya environment due to activities that affect the earth as a whole in both the present and in the future. The increase of CO2 emissions that accompany the consumption of fossil fuels and global warming result in more poor quality water, waste due to the increasing lifestyle changes, and others.
Today, global warming is a problem that most attract attention among the environmental problems that cause the increase in temperature, climate change, rising sea surface water, and ecological changes that give greater influence to the basic human existence. In addition, the problem of damage to the ozone layer, acid rain, oksidan fotokimia, and others to give effect to the health and the environment, not only environmental problems air, but also environmental problems of water and land which is in the condition which can not be ignored.
One of the environmental problem of waste is generated from the social and economic activities at this time, in the form of large-scale production, consumption of large-scale, large-scale waste, and waste and have problems in the form of earth movement toxic waste from developed countries to developing countries.
Environmental problems can result in destruction of valuable natural environments such as forests, rivers, beaches and others, in addition to damage to the biological diversity that is essential for humans. Therefore efforts should be coordinated internationally to tackle this.
1. Global warming
Environmental issues at this time the most interesting concern is global warming. Earth receives energy emanated by the sun and is warm, and cold as a release of energy to space. When energy is in the balance of the earth's temperature will also be fixed and stable. But if the concentration of gas in the air (greenhouse gases), which works to prevent offshore energy space increases, then there imparity and earth surface temperature will increase. The increase in temperature is causing climate change and rising sea surface water. These changes provide a great effect on the basic human existence such as ecology. This is called the global warming problem. IPCC with the WMO as a forum for government-level discussions about the problem with global warming the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) reported that 64% of greenhouse gases is CO2. By around 80% because the amount of CO2 generated comes from fossil fuel consumption, the reduction of CO2 to be an important topic. It is seen that the global warming result in increased concentration of greenhouse gases, increasing an average temperature of the earth, and rising surface sea water. Both in the IPCC reports based on data in 1995, acknowledges that global warming has been caused because the artificial effect of increasing emissions of greenhouse gases since the occurrence of industrial revolution. Here you can see the influence of heating based on the report to the IPCC-2.
(1) Increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases
Concentration of greenhouse gases in the air constantly during the period before the industrial revolution in the mid-year 1700-an, and then increased after the industrial revolution, and increased very rapidly in the last. According to the IPCC, the concentration of CO2 in the period before the industrial revolution of 280 ppmv to be 358 ppmv in 1994 (ppmv = one part per million, the difference in volume). It is largely as a result of human activity that is largely because the fossil fuels, changes in land use patterns and agriculture.
(2) Climate change and increased sea surface water
Increased concentration of greenhouse gases will increase an average temperature of the earth, and the increase in temperature makes the surface sea water rises through the sea water expansion, pelelehan ice in the polar or high mountain. Since entering this century, the number of known data from the mountain, the ice is reduced, and the visible changes that can become serious problems such as symptoms of extreme high temperatures, increased drought and flooding likely.
According to the IPCC, the earth temperature increased an average of 0.3 - 0.6 OC since the late 19th century (Figure 2) and surface sea water increased from 10 to 25 cm during the last 100 years. Estimated in the year 2100 temperature average of the whole earth 2 increased compared to 1990 OC, the surface sea water will rise 50 cm, and after that year was the temperature will continue to increase. In addition, even if for example the increased concentration of greenhouse gases can be stopped until the end of the 21st century, it is estimated that the increase in temperature and the high surface sea water will continue.
Improvement of surface sea water and a climate that cause extreme concern the increasing flood tide and waves in the coastal region. For example, the surface 50 cm sea level rise, if preventive action is not done then the world's population is vulnerable to wave pairs is estimated to increase from the current number of 46 million people into 92 million people.
(3) Climate abnormal
Due to the increased average temperature of the earth, the rain changed into, it is estimated that rainfall and drought become extreme, and the possibility of a storm increases. Lately, the abnormal form of high temperature that is not normal, flood, drought, and others, seen in every place in the world, and men are encouraged to have the attention to the relationship between the increase of natural disasters and global warming.
(4) Effect on health
Result of increases in average temperature earth, people with diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, and others will increase. According to the IPCC, it is estimated that with increasing temperature 3.5 0C only malaria have increased approximately 5 - 8 million people per year.
(5) Effect on ecology
According to the IPCC, when the climate and the abnormal increase in damage is not thought, with the belief in the supply of food all over the world are in a state of balance, there will be a supply gap of between one very large place with other places because there are areas that have increased production and the region have experienced decrease in production. In the tropics and sub-tropical, on the one hand there is increasing population, the number of reduced food production, have increased the danger of hunger and poor evacuation in the region that includes the dry and half dry.
2. Damage the ozone layer
When the freon, which is artificial chemicals released into the air and reach the stratosphere (room 10 - 50 km above ground), then it will be the cause of damage to the ozone layer in the stratosphere, and this is a problem in recent years. Because the ozone layer as a function to absorb most of the ultra violet rays are harmful to humans, then the ozone layer was damaged when the number of ultra violet rays that reach the earth will rise and this will give bad effects to human health and ecology. The increasing number of ultra violet rays that reach the earth rise to concerns about bad effect on human health such as skin cancer, cataracts, decreased immunity and bad effects of plants on land and water ecology. Lately visible symptoms start called ozone hole, which is increasingly tipisnya the ozone layer in the stratosphere above the south pole, and in the year 1998 ozone hole that occurs is the biggest compared to previous times. Decreasing trend of the ozone layer occurs in almost all regions of the world except tropical.
3. Acid rain
Acid rain is rain water, dew and snow that has a high level of acidity (low pH) due to acid soluble and acid sulphate nitrate. This is mainly because the Sox and Nox emissions from burning fossil fuels to the air. This acid rain due to water on the earth, as the lake water and river water to become sour, and this will give effect to the development and utilization of natural resources, to give effect to the various types of fish, to give effect to the forest because the soil becomes acid, but also directly on the stick wooden buildings or cultural heritage, which caused damage to the building. Thus, the wide range of influences. Acid rain can reach the region 500 - 1000 km from the source separated material causes acid rain, and therefore one of the characteristics is that these symptoms cover a wide area, beyond the state boundaries.
In the United States and Europe where acid rain is a problem first, there are reports about the lake water into the acid, the reduced forest wide, dead fish, and others due to acid rain. The report on this matter, there are in Japan. Acid rain is a problem before in developed countries, is now also increasingly become a major problem in developing countries due to industrialization.
4. Photochemistry Oxidant
Oxidant Photochemistry pollutant is the primary form of Nox and hydrocarbons (HC) were released from factories and vehicles. After receiving the sun will have a reaction Photochemistry changed to secondary materials such as ozone, and this is a cause of the occurrence of fog Photochemistry. Oxidant Photochemistry have a high acid, high in concentration to provide stimulus to the eyes or throat, give effect to the respiratory organs, and also to agricultural products.
There is a close relationship between the human energy. Human industrial revolution up to use only a small part of energy that is in the nature which is called renewable energy. Since industrial revolution, made possible the large amount of energy that comes from coal. Entering the 20th century use of the petroleum energy expanded, and the last natural gas and nuclear energy have been used to sustain the needs of energy in large amounts. The period after the industrial revolution can be referred to as the era of the use of renewable energy or fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil and coal in large numbers, who to this very day still continues.
Increasing human activity and the large demand for the practicality and comfort of human life, result in increased energy consumption. With the reason that until now, energy problems became the reason for the need of the nations in the world to fight. On the other hand, there is a movement to review the relationship between human beings with energy, raised concerns because damage will occur due to the earth environment energy consumption in large scale. Estimated in the 22 century will be a scarcity of fossil fuels, therefore, need to be energy business development to replace the fuel is.
To be able to live in the space that the earth is limited, people are required to be able to develop a balance between economy, energy and the environment.
1. Human history and the energy
Which distinguishes the human animal, among others, on the fire, other than the language. Can be said that there is a close relationship between human beings with energy. Before the industrial revolution human utilizing a variety of objects as a source of energy to support activities, including charcoal to heat the room, the oil from plants for lighting, energy for horses or cattle farming or transportation of goods. In addition, along with advanced human civilization, starting from the energy used in the form of windmill or waterwheel for the agricultural and manufacturing products. All energy used is renewable energy from nature, and human energy that is consumed only a small portion of the energy that is in the nature. For example, in Japan the life of ordinary people up to the era of World War II, about 50 years ago, is also using energy. According to human history and energy, a point major changes occurred since the industrial revolution found steam engine, which utilizes a large amount of coal. Increased energy consumption drastically happens in mid-1800 the year ditopang mainly by coal. Because the size of the coal industry after the revolution, at the end of the 19th century occurred the amount of coal energy exceeds the energy that comes from plants. Then in 1859 the oil industry immediately began mining of oil by EL Drake in Pensylvania, and then the oil is used as a source of energy. Entering the 20th century use of petroleum energy, such as for the more widespread electricity, the car engine, etc.. The oil crisis that occurred in 1973 and 1979 to make people think that this world depend on oil too.
Currently, in addition to coal and oil, has also used natural gas, nuclear and others to sustain that energy consumption continues to increase. In the mid 20th century the use of nuclear energy has changed the world energy situation. Up to the time before nuclear energy was introduced, all types of energy sources other than wind and water using the burning of carbon through chemical reactions. After that people develop the nuclear energy as a new change of mass into energy.
Increased human activities and the demands of practicality and comfort of living, will result in increased energy consumption. Era after the industrial revolution can be said as a time of energy consumption from fossil fuels in large-scale, such as coal, oil and natural gas, and continues until now. But at this time has raised concerns the occurrence of environmental damage due to earth's energy consumption with the large scale, and the visible movement to review the relationship between human beings with energy.
Meanwhile, oil and natural gas estimated to be exhausted in the 21st century, the supply of coal is estimated to still be able to use about 200 - 300 more years, will culminate in the 22 century, and the symptoms appear that fossil fuels will be exhausted in the 22 century. If we expect people in the prosperity that is still long, however, required the development of renewable energy as a substitute for fossil fuels.
2. Human activity and energy
Humans need energy to perform various activities. To be able to live in the area of the cold energy for heating is required, for lighting at night. It takes a lot of energy to perform various activities actively. This can be seen very clearly in the industrial revolution that appear in the UK since the second half 18 centuries. Due to industrial revolution occurred this drastic change from the previous community based on agriculture into community based on industry, which result in changes in values of the community. So that industrial revolution can occur in the required amount of energy, and to solve this problem and developed steam engine by James Watt et al, and the fuel used is coal. Can be said that without a supply of energy in large, industrial revolution will never happen.
3. War and energy
Industrial revolution also affect how people fight. Before the industrial revolution made especially with the war manpower, horse power, wind energy and others. After that change to the war who spent a lot of energy because the boat is driven with a coal or oil, tank or aircraft that is driven by oil. In addition, the energy itself to be the cause of a war. World War II that occurred after the industrial revolution can be said one of them caused by the energy (mainly oil source), and for Japan, one of the reasons for war is to control energy resources in South Asia. As a result, the United States and the UK on a winning World War II, the oil in the Middle East with seven companies, among others, Exxon and Mobil of the United States, British Petroleum and Shell UK, and this company is the main oil companies internationally.
Although not directly related to the war, the first oil crisis occurred in 1973 caused the war to the Middle East-4, the second oil crisis occurred in 1979 the Iranian revolution. The oil crisis caused a disruption of the world economy.
4. Environment and energy
Consumption of fossil fuels after the great industrial revolution than to provide practicality and convenience in human life, also causes a drastic increase in population. Before the industrial revolution, the earth is only slightly increased, in the early 18 century the world's population to around 600 million. After the industrial revolution the number of inhabitants increased quickly, based on estimates in 1999 about 6 billion people inhabit the earth. Thus, the population of the world since the appearance of man up to 18 centuries in a few million years only increased to 600 million people, but only after the industrial revolution 300 years in time grow to be 5 billion people. The population of the world in the 21st century, in the year 2050 will reach 15 billion, most of the growing population is estimated to occur in developing countries.
What happens to the earth pressure due to this growing population? As a result, among others, going short of food and energy consumption in large amounts. That in view of the world energy consumption in recent years increased rapidly. Almost all the energy consumed is a fossil fuel such as coal, oil and natural gas, nuclear energy is the rest or water power. As a result of the energy consumption of this large (especially fossil fuels), industrial countries have developed great economic growth, the community with a prosperous life. Further estimated the population will increase rapidly, developing countries pursue economic growth to improve lives, and in line with increasing GDP, in the amount of energy required is very large.
As a result, as already indicated above, environmental pollution problems that accompany the consumption of energy in large amounts. Initially, due to the large consumption of coal, the area around the factory full of smoke, air pollution because of toxic materials such as soot and acid sulphate with the health of workers and residents. Lately, due to sea water pollution accident ship tankers also become a problem. Finally, problems arise due to global warming CO2 produced from burning fossil fuels, and this gives a great influence to the energy policy in each country, and although discussions have been carried out internationally, it is very difficult to find a way to press CO2, because CO2 excluded from a wide range of activities. With the background population explosion of this kind, or to maintain the economic growth needed resources and energy consumption in large numbers, the result will appear as a result of a series of increasingly bad environment. Close relationship between economic growth, energy resources with environmental problems is called problem dilemma, and at this time seems to have no policy to overcome this.
One step to overcome this problem is with the energy savings targets for effective energy utilization, development and utilization of energy to replace fossil fuels. Fossil energy use of opium caused a lot of carbon dioxide is there in the air in the days of old, there are many consequences of carbon in the air at this time. So burn the fossil fuel burning means the inheritance that occur in the evolution of a long period of time as well as within a few hundred years, and this makes the tendency increasing CO2. Phenomena due to global warming, serious problems in the earth's surface, such as increased sea water, changes the ability of living plants, accelerated the process of becoming deserts. Therefore, the required energy savings and energy of fossil fuels. Problems with fossil energy than there is, for example, power generation can damage the natural water such as rivers and river areas, nuclear power generation have any possible radiation pollution, wind power generation has environmental problems such as noise, natural, poison against birds. So this is a problem the energy problem which is difficult for people.
Whatever you choose, since men are expected to grow at this time reflect the balance between economic, energy and environment, in order to survive in the limited space of the earth.
The researchers at the University of Wageningen the Netherlands, found special bacteria which can alter the organic waste in the waste water into water (Hydrogen). Dreamland produce water fuel economic reality more closely. The findings are very promising to many peminat interesting, one of the Shell oil company is willing to pay for further research.
Water fuel can be an alternative fuel car free of CO2. Air power is changed to the next motor. No waste is out! Only a little moisture. Unfortunately, this is a delusion only. There are two reasons. First, making water more expensive fuel. Second, related to the waste CO2.
Prof. Cees Buisman technology environment from the University of Wageningen explains, "Now if we want to make fuel water-friendly environment, no technology. To produce fuel water, we need fossil fuels. So, it is the same. Water fuel is environmentally friendly, but the energy required to do so would remove the CO2 may be more. "
That is the basic principle of the fuel water. He then found a very good idea. He put the principle of making the basic material with the water stream of waste water to electricity. Result, the bacteria spontaneously produce fuel water. This discovery will pave the way to produce cheaper fuel and water-friendly environment.
New method is five times more sparingly than the method now used. This is because 80 percent of energy needs to make the fuel come from the water of organic material in the waste water. Other 20 percent comes from the electricity that is used to trigger the bacteria to produce fuel water.
Implementation of practical
Other advantage is the bacteria-bacteria that have the power flow will be strong and can gobble out all organic material in the waste water. The result is clean water. Only with a little refinement process, the water can safely be thrown back. This technique can be applied to the various water treatment installation. So, in addition to producing clean water, can also produce fuel water.
Mid-June, the automotive world with news of success surprised a Japanese company, Genepax, launched a vigorous water car. Interestingly, the vehicle appears on the current price of fuel oil continues to soar in many countries of the world and was shown on television. Once filled with water, Si Kancil - because of its size, such as in Malaysian Kancil car - live slide.
Consequently, some people even suspect, the car using water fuel. The mechanic was surprised. The water can not be burned directly for further utilized as a booster vehicle. Electric Cars Be after, the Genepax not memperoses water directly into the fuel. In the car Reva, made Takeoka Mini Car of the experiment was made, not found in the combustion engine (internal combustion) vehicles that are used commercially now. That there is a electric motor and generator of power such as the order of a series of membrane called the MEA (Membrane electrode assembly) with water.
Has been ascertained, the car driven by electricity. However, this car does not have a plug that can be linked or home electricity generator.
Thus, this car really rely on energy from the water. This is a feature in a proud and be the main attraction by Genepax. Because with the technology they use, electric cars no longer need new infrastructure to recharge Battery, both at home and public parking lot.
Genepax system call Wes or, "water energy system".
Extracts hydrogen MEA is not a new technology, but have been used to extract hydrogen from water or metanol. The merit system of Genepax MEA, the hydrogen extracted from water, not collected in the tank (which is heavy and expensive) high-pressure. Processed directly but generate electricity through chemical reaction by using a special material (this is the secret).
Prototype fuel cells that generate energy has created 120 Watt. While the generator's place in the baggage car of 300 Watt.
To enter the water to the generator containing the fuel cell stack used electric pumps. Pump obtain this energy from the dry battery. After the energy generated, the system works and passive water pump silent.
Currently, a series of fuel cells generate electricity with Genepax voltage 25-30V. Each cell produces 3 watts of energy with the voltage and current 0,5-0,7 volt 6-7 Ampere. Density of about 30 mW/cm2 reaction with cell surface 10 x 10 cm.
Still Expensive Tools for process water menghasil electricity Genepax made to the size now that is not cheap. Price generator power water energy is $ 17.500 million / unit (not including the car). If made in bulk, the estimated cost $ 4.500 million.
Described again, one liter of water can be used for one hour with a speed of 80 kph car. Here, Genepax has collaborated with the Japanese car company to produce this founder massively in the near future. At least as an alternative fuel. Genepax also given the opportunity to showcase founder time KTT G8 on Hokkaido, Japan on 6-9 July.
"The system we found inftra structure does not need to charge the battery, which is the main problem electric cars at this time," proudly Kiyoshi Hirasawa, Director of technology, energy Genepax water! The plan not only cars that became the target, as well as household equipment!
John Kanzius, a retired television station one aged 62 years and was also a broadcast engineer, in 2007 succeeded in surprising the world with the invention of the fuel from salt water / sea water.
In broadcast news in the First Coast News, Kanzius demonstrates how light it was saline solution with the help of the radio wave equipment.
Kanzius is a creative tool to develop the radio therapy for cancer in his garage lab. Initially, Kanzius just want to test whether the means of radio waves that are created can be used to separate salt (desalinate) solution of salt water. Results obtained thus making them even shocked, saline solution when the lights in the flat on the high-frequency radio waves.
Method radio John Kanzius cancer therapy is done by using high-energy radio waves (high-energy radio wave) to destroy cancer cells. Previously, the cancer cells be "alert" use nano particles (one nano meter = meter per billion). These particles be heated with radio emission at a temperature where the cancer cells can be turned off. This method is non-invasive and can be used without additional Chemotherapy or radiation that painful. Healing methods for cancer using radio waves, Kanzius has a patent which is called Enhanced Systems and Methods for RF-induced Hyperthermia.
The findings of the use of radio waves used to generate energy from the saline solution, Kanzius is willing to sell patent rights. He intends to use the money to fund research on the healing of cancer earnest. The contention that the skeptic is that the findings of this is still necessary. Self efisienkah energy of radio waves when compared with the energy generated by the salt water?
The findings of the use of radio waves used to generate energy from this, of course, become a crucial question. Ratio is a measure of productivity, energy exploitation in the most important source of energy. This ratio is a comparison of energy generated with renewable energy that is required. The greater the value of one, means that the economic utilization of these energy sources.
However, this invention provides bright point of the energy crisis of the world. After the oil era, we may soon be entering the era of sea water as the world economy.
"I believe that one day the water will be used as a fuel hydrogen and oxygen that are structured, used separately or together, will be the source of heat and light that is not utmost, with the power of coal can not afford to produce." (Jules Verne, The Mysterious Island, 1874)
The world was confused. That expression, which could be used to characterize the situation there now. When fuel oil is still to be pillars of the global energy, the price tends to be uncontrollable and distressing many countries, which have to run helter-skelter adjust budget shopping.
It is reasonable if our mind directed to another alternative energy. these mind give us another goodness when these days there's another issuethat is not less urgent, ie, global warming, where the fuel combustion is believed to be the main cause.
However, although beneficial in the second case above, alternative energy is not easily applied with the reason for each, ranging from community opposition to nuclear energy to the location for limited energy geotermal.
Recently, one of the incentive is covered vegetable energy (biofuel). United States to develop fuel in vegetable form of corn ethanol, while Brazil develop fuel vegetable. from sugar cane. However, here are the problems then appear, especially in the era when food prices soaring. Have become one of the causes of scarcity of food that caused food price increase is the limited agricultural land for food crops because some have been used to plant vegetable crops fuel.
Water fuel
Especially in the section on the energy of water, there is the saying, in fact during this time we have been cheated by scientific circles. Submit evidence of success with the use of water in a variety of machines, what is taught in school should be considered a blunder.
According to the site H2Earth Institute (www.h2earth.org), water can now be used (burned) on the engine's internal combustion engine (ICE) or the turbine, processed into fuel (fuel on-demand), also at that time (real time) , without transportation or storage of liquid hydrogen or compressed, kaustik alkali, catalysts salt, or metal hidrida.
This can be done on the vehicle with one additional tool that powered by vehicle small electric system. So, this basically is to make water as fuel.
This process produces only water vapor as the material out, which can easily be taken back by a radiator and re-circulated in the system when the desired engine.
Ravine in Indonesia
What is promoted by the Institute H2Earth may be difficult to think digested by the conventional nature, how so sure institution is up this idea.
Here, which is made Water Fuel Cell, which is the technology for efficient conversion of water into gas fuel (combustible), known as "hydroxy" or "Brown Gas". This technology can be viewed not languish after the inventor (Stanley Meyer), as well as new gas compound inventor (Dr. Yull Brown), and theorist who think gas production through molecular resonance (Dr. Henry Puharich) all died in mid-1990's.
Perhaps a more closer to our experience so far is what is packed in the concept of hydrogen boost (See site www.hydrogen-boost.com). This is the system performance of distance based on the fuel generator hydrogen gas in the engine. Developers also have this system more complete system which can increase the kilometer range up to 15-25 % per vehicle on the test.
As described in the site, together with a combination of hydrogen and other gas electrolysis (in this case is Brown Gas), inserted in the engine intake will increase the spread of flames during the combustion so that fuel in the form of vapor more can be burned. Benefits of adding hydrogen in internal combustion engines, including diesel engines, has been investigated.
In Indonesia also heard news of the water this energy. As submitted by the ecclesiastic Kirjito Romo in Yogyakarta, last April, friends, Joko Sutrisno, have tried this system for cars and motorcycles. Katana jeep performance for 1 liter of gas is to be 20 km, while for motorcycle, 1 liter for 120 km.
Water that is used to improve the performance of this fuel is now the new supplement. Therefore, Joko still reluctant to publish the system that use it. Joko aspiration alone, according to Romo Kirjito, is utilizing this technology to help rural poor people in obtaining energy efficient.
In Indonesia also heard news of the water this energy. As submitted by the ecclesiastic Romo Kirjito in Kirjito reminded, when the U.S. and Europe have started many steep hydrogen utilization, either for the purpose of industry and individuals, Indonesia should also not lag.
As the implementation of alternative energy, the application of the energy of water as fuel is estimated to be not free from obstacles.
Be honest now recognized that this world is still dominated by the economy of oil-alternative energy, so even though the condition has now been entered in the level of emergency appears still non-priority.
Is there a power that can realize the dream H2Earth Institute to cut off the fuel supply chain so that the community is instantaneous, discontinuous, and radical (disruptive) can switch to new energy technologies that are environmental, economic, and political solutions to provide top of the existing problems and this now?
Yesterday afternoon until evening, auditorium School Business and Management (SBM) ITB appears to be fulfilled by many researchers ITB, government officials, parliament members, journalists, researchers from LIPI and other universities, and researchers from Japan. Date 18 February 2005, new fuel-friendly environment are introduced. Fuel that was developed by researchers at the ITB and the Mitsubishi Research Institute is only the result of oil extraction or distance tree scientifically known as jatropha. Oil from the seeds of this distance can be used as a substitute for direct diesel oil used for diesel engines.
Development of this research project began in 2004, with sponsored by NEDO, New Energy and Technology Development Organization. As the supply of seeds of the distance, choose the NTT in the tree because the distance is a lot of growing wild in the province. During this time, besides growing wild in many of bed in the province, by the people of NTT, the tree distance is only used as a fence plant. "Previously also had become a tool of light," said Frans Lebu Raya, Deputy Governor of NTT present, "The seeds of trees in the distance, such as hair-pin sate ago burned." In culture, the tree distance is already familiar with the NTT. Besides this, the tree is also known distance have the power treatment, especially for skin disease, reduce pain, and laxative. However, the presence of oil and diesel fuel is subsidized NTT-making community and the Indonesian people forget the whole-plant save this great potential.
Performance test results of castor oil is indeed startling. Pure castor oil (straight jatropha oil) BD 100 will have the same performance with diesel oil. The central government itself, yesterday, among others, represented by Dr. Yogo Pratomo, Director General of the Department of Energy and Mineral Resources, Directorate General of Electricity and Energy Utilization and Dr. Luluk Sumiarso, Jentral Secretary Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, said the promise that the government will help the development and socialization of this alternative fuel. This is mainly supported by the production of castor oil prices that compete with the price of diesel oil without subsidies. Price of oil production is the maximum distance Rp 1000/kg, meanwhile, the price of diesel fuel without subsidies of Rp 1600/kg. "The thought of course need to stay stable supply of oil this distance," said Yogo.
Mindu Sianipar, chairman of the House of Representatives Commission IV that one of its duties in managing the problem of agriculture is also very grateful to the support and the researchers from ITB and Mitsubishi. "This is not merely a business problem," said Mindu, "but also help the villagers." In this opportunity, Mindu also hope to use castor oil used as fuel engine diesel boats fishing. Things that need to be considered is also a law for this product. "Oil and Gas Law will make Pertamina intervence this product," said Mardjono, a member of the House of Representatives Commission IV the other, "The benefits of this product can be used as closely as possible to improve the welfare of the poor rural areas."
Research are Dr. Robert Manurung, from the Department of Chemical Engineering ITB is one of several alternative energy which is developed by ITB. "We are also developing fuel alternatives. For example, biodiesel and fuel ethanol from cassava," said Dr. Reksowardojo Iman, head of Laboratory of Motor Fuel and Propulsi, Mechanical Engineering Department of ITB, which is also a member of the research team is castor oil.
According to Robert, the main benefits of castor oil processing is a cheap and simple. "Machine biodiesel operation is difficult," he said, "installation can not be done by the farmers. With castor oil, do not need to replace the engine, just with a normal diesel engine. Replace only with the diesel oil diesel fuel, that's it."
Another major contribution to the nation's ITB revealed yesterday. In the middle of the issue of fuel subsidy reduction, fuel cheaper and environmentally friendly paper by researchers ITB will provide fresh air for the Indonesian people, especially people who depend on weak economy with the diesel fuel, such as for fishing boats and farmers motornya for milling rice. Meanwhile, the sleeping area, particularly in parts of Eastern Indonesia can work as a regional culture that distance localization. Of course, this will improve the welfare of the people in the area. Does not need mine anymore. Enough to plant it!
In fact there are stories of adventure penetrate through space and time travel that far up, but can cut through space and time trying to travel through a wormhole, maybe? What are some comments that lead to the words of the miraculous. So tickle, what is actually the wormhole?
Wormhole? Wormhole is the 'something' that is theoretically. At least until this article was written second, wormhole only have theories on paper, or appear in films and books science fiction. The existence of the wormhole theory began when Albert Einstein introduced the Theory Relativitas General. Einstein showed that mass can make the space (time) curve / bend, the greater the mass, the more curved space (time). Be difficult?
In 1919, Arthur Eddington proved, at the time when that happens Total sun eclipse, the stars around the Sun is observed in a position shifted from the position that it should. Of course, at the time of eclipse, the stars can be observed in the afternoon. Observation and evidence shows that Einstein was correct. How stars can be shifted from the position that it should? Because the gravity field direction Sun prescind stars gleam.
But evidence of light bending by the sun during eclipse is not related to the wormhole. Verification by Eddington showed that Einstein Relativitas theory is true. From the theory, a fundamental idea that we know then is that the mass affects space (and time). In general, closely associated with the gravity geometry, how the light can turn, did not imagine before. Simply, how the relationship gravity and geometry can be described as the picture below.
Need to be understood that prior to Einstein, space and time are two separate entities, but the Einstein theory that space and time is a single entity that is not integral. Thus, the geometry needs to be understood here as the space-time relationships.
Back on the job Einstein, the theory of Einstein theory of mathematical practice, known as the Einstein field equation, and the solution is known as Scwarzschild solution. Solutions construe this theory about the gravity field on the symmetry of the mass-ball, not berotasi. This is a solution that will become the cikal-blackhole (Blackhole Schwarzschild).
In the year 1916, not long after Einstein introduced the theory Relativitas; Ludwing Flamm realize that Einstein equation has another solution, known as the White Hole, and that the second solution is the two disjoint regions in space-time (even) that terhubungkan (mathematically) by the existence of an 'alley' space-time. Because the theory has not said where the space time in the real world, so it can be black-hole as the entrance and white as the exit hole, but could be in the same world with us (the space that we can understand), or in the room and the other (the other, parallel universe, past, present, future?). However, the law violates the White Hole-2 to thermodynamics, as such, the existence of the White Hole received the difficult easy.
In the year 1935, Albert Einstein and Nathan X learn more regard and Black Hole White Hole is, that the formulation of the theory Relativitas General, the structure of space-time warp may connect two regions of space-time is far away, through a similar form of alley, as a shortcut in space. This work is formally known as the Einstein-X bridges. The goal is not to learn the travel faster than light travel or inter-universe, but more on the search for explanations on the fundamental particles (like electrons) in space-time. Einstein X-bridge is also known by another name, such as Lorentzian Wormhole or Schwazschild wormhole.
In the year 1962, John Wheeler and Robert Fuller indicates that the wormhole type bridge Einstein-X is not stable, the light can not be through any moment wormhole form. Then, if the wormhole can not be passed? (Traversable)? We will review the traversable wormhole immediately later.
However, since that time, the theory of wormhole continually reviewed; likewise, urban legend about the wormhole is present in the middle of the community, especially in science fiction literature.
Scientific theory about the growing wormhole: all have the same principle, the mathematical solution of the geometrical relationship between a point in space-time point with the other, where the relationship can behave as a 'shortcut' in space-time.
How wormhole form? Back on Earth picture illustration. If there is curved space-time at a point, and kelengkungan connected with the space-time on the other, then so is the image of a wormhole. As illustrated in the following, as though everything is beautiful and fun. Doraemon as the doors, we open its doors, and we come to a place far away. beautiful science fiction
Wormhole related to the relationship in space-time, known as Laurentzian wormhole. Relationship, of course, it is said here as a shortcut, because: If traveling from the Gateway to the Moon, can be done much faster, even faster rate than light through normal channels. (Of course, meaning faster than the rate because the light path using a shortcut, not because 'the rate faster than light'). That, of course, if the trip can be done through a wormhole.
However, the complexity arises, because, whether we can determine the end of the trip we? Whether we will be out in the end, in the same universe? Or in the parallel universe? Or we appear in the same time? What we show in our time? Or in the past? Or the future? Of course all possible, because Laurentzian wormhole is a product of the General Theory Relativitas stating that all moving in both space and in time.
Lorentzian wormholes divided into two types: 1) Inter-universe wormholes, wormholes that connect our universe with the 'universe' of others. This is the allegation about the existence of parallel universe. 2) Intra-universe wormholes, wormhole connecting two regions in the same universe.
There is also another wormhole known as the Euclidean wormholes, which, this wormhole in the process have a very micro, as a main concern of experts quantum field theory. Thus, this type of wormhole, at the time this will not be discussed, and Laurentzian wormhole is a wormhole that we study.
Back to the question, whether we might travel through the wormhole? Kip Thorne and Mike Morris in 1988 suggests that the wormhole can be maintained in practice kestabilannya exotic materials (materials that are still theoretical, and has not been found in the world, with behaviors such as mass or reject the negative gravity, instead of abiding in the Newton gravity law). Model theory is known as the Morris-Thorne wormhole. Theories are then developed to maintain stable wormhole, so that it can be, until now on the arguments that there is no material that we ketahi can berperanan to maintain stability, as it requires the existence of negative energy.
Although the wormhole is still a theoretical discourse (and urban legend), but there is no evidence that could support the existence, both from the observation and experiment. Wormhole and whether it is not possible? Or the wormhole can be made?
Theoretically, we could build a wormhole. How? So that the space-time can terlipat required materials and energy which is very unusual, so we seek to live a very dense material in the space there, a course, from the stars ne (u) Tron. Why do stars netron? Stars netron is the type of star that its mass reaches 1.35 to 2.1 times masssa sun, but with a radius of only 20 to 10 km, reaching 30 thousand - 70 thousand less than the Sun. Thus, the heavy-type stars of netron reach 8 × 10 ^ 13 to 2 × 10 ^ 15 g / cm ^ 3.
How many? "Secukupnya" - the giant ring can be formed seukuran beset Sun orbit the Earth. Then, create a ring on the other the other end. After the construction of a giant ring in the second edge is completed, provide voltage electricity which is very high, on both ends, played until the rate reaches light - both of them, and voila, travel across space-time immediately.
The fact that cut through time travel, when the jump to the future that can be received, because it does not conflict with the Special Theory Relativitas, but if his travel back in time? That's a controversy, difficult to understand, can even cause a paradox.
When, one of the ends of the wormhole that was created earlier is driven with a light pace for pace, and according to the theory of Special Relativitas, the pace of things, reach light speed, time to be running slowly; relative movement is to create the time difference between them. So that the alley that are ultimately different time. If that's the end of the silent, someone moving to the far future, but of the, from the end of the move, he will return to the past!
Is the kontroversinya, if someone returns from the future, then kill the parents before he was born, and how he can be 'no' and carry out the mission to kill the parents? With knowledge of Quantum theory, Stephen Hawking introduces' Konjektur Chronology Protection ', which can' protect 'the time between trips. Because in theory, in the alley-pair particles antipartikel continuously create and negate each other, with the brim with energy so intense, can even exceed the energy required for exotic wormhole opened gate. And, wormhole will be disrupted and closed, even before the time machine created. Then if the machine so that time is not possible?
Whatever that may actually happen, whether as a wormhole time machine have? Can happen? Or as a portal between the rooms? All are still open, still waiting on that long, because it should still search for the understanding and unification theory quantum mechanics and gravity. Still much to be learned, and if interested join learn, that many have not understood, while waiting, let the author of science fiction tells about exotic wormhole.
Carbon may be an element that we know as the day a day soft charcoal black soot, residue burning, the dihujat the environmentalis create CO2 as a climate change makes the world more heat.
Key fundamental differences between the charcoal graphite diamond crystal structure is the order of the element Carbon. The formation of crystals that are very different this process is influenced by thermal and kinetik received by a set of carbon. Where the temperature and pressure on the rest of the regular burning of carbon or charcoal will only create a soft graphite and black soot. However, when the burning is done at high temperature followed by the pressure environment around the high, the crystal arrangement of carbon atoms become increasingly dense and so special that produce a strong diamond, hard sparkler.
