Wormhole Really Exist?

The metric admits negative square root as well as positive square root solutions for the geometry.

The complete geometry consists of a black hole, a white hole, and two Universes connected at their horizons by a wormhole.

The negative square root solution inside the horizon represents a white hole. A white hole is a black hole running backwards in time. Just as black holes swallow things irretrievably, so also do white holes spit them out. White holes cannot exist, since they violate the second law of thermodynamics.

General Relativity is time symmetric. It does not know about the second law of thermodynamics, and it does not know about which way cause and effect go. But we do.

The negative square root solution outside the horizon represents another Universe. The wormhole joining the two separate Universes is known as the Einstein-Rosen bridge.

Do wormholes really exist?

Wormholes certainly exist as exact solutions of Einstein's equations.

However:

1. When a realistic star collapses to a black hole, it does not produce a wormhole.
2. The complete geometry includes a white hole, which violates the second law of thermodynamics.
3. Even if a wormhole were somehow formed, it would be unstable and fly apart.

Spacetime diagram of the wormhole

The coordinate system is arranged so that the worldlines of radially infalling (yellow) and outgoing (ochre) light rays lie at 45^o.

The white hole is the region at the bottom of the diagram, bounded by the two red antihorizons. The black hole is the region at the top of the diagram, bounded by the two pink-red horizons. Both white and black holes have singularities at their centres, the cyan lines. The regions at left and right outside the horizons are the two Universes. The two Universes are joined by a wormhole, the region of spacetime between the white hole and black hole singularities.

As long as the inhabitants of the two Universes remain outside the horizons, they cannot meet or communicate with each other. However, the inhabitants can meet after falling into the black hole. Having met, they also soon meet the singularity.

Penrose diagram of the wormhole














Instability of the wormhole

The embedding diagram of the Schwarzschild wormhole illustrated at the top of the page seems to show a static wormhole. However, this is an illusion of the coordinate system, which is ill-behaved at the horizon.

The diagram reveals that in reality the wormhole is dynamic, and unstable. The tremendous gravity impels the wormhole both to elongate along its length, and to shrink about its middle.

The yellow arrows indicate the directionality of the horizons. A person (or signal) can pass through a horizon only in the direction of the arrow, not the other way.

There is a certain arbitrariness to the shapes of these embedding diagrams - the spatial geometry at a given `time' depends on what you decide to label as time, how you slice spacetime into hypersurfaces of constant time. The inset shows the slicing for the embedding diagrams adopted here, drawn on the spacetime diagram.

Impossible to pass through the wormhole

Unfortunately it is impossible for a traveller to pass through the wormhole from one Universe into the other. A traveller can pass through a horizon only in one direction, indicated by the yellow

arrows. First, the traveller must wait until the two white holes have merged, and their horizons met. The traveller may then enter through one horizon. But having entered, the traveller cannot exit, either through that horizon or through the horizon on the other side. The fate of the traveller who ventures in is to die at the singularity which forms from the collapse of the wormhole.

The traveller can however see light signals from the other Universe.

The trapped region between the two horizons is the bubble encountered on the trip into the black hole.

A glimpse through the wormhole

Suppose, despite the objections, that our Universe were attached to another Universe through a wormhole. What would we see?

Here is a glimpse through the wormhole at the other Universe, visible through the Schwarzschild surface still ahead and below us. We are at 0.35 Schwarzschild radii from the central singularity. For simplicity, I have supposed that the other Universe contains stars exactly like ours, so it's a bit like looking through a distorted mirror.

Only after falling through the horizon of the black hole are we able to see the other Universe through the throat of the wormhole. We are never able to enter the other Universe, and the penalty for seeing it is death at the singularity.

It would be foolhardy to attempt this fatal experiment in the hopes of glimpsing another Universe. As seen in the next section, when a realistic star collapses to form a black hole, it does not produce a wormhole.

29 May 1998 update. Oops, there's yet another set of grid lines missing from this picture, and in the movie below. Through the mouth (pink) of the wormhole, we should be able to see the surface of the black hole as seen in the other Universe, curved into our view by the gravity of the black hole, in the same way that we can see the surface (red) of the black hole in our own Universe through the screen formed by the outward surface (white). I'll fix it when I get the time.

Stabilizing a wormhole with exotic matter

In principle, a wormhole could be stabilized by threading its throat with `exotic matter'. In the stable wormhole at left, the exotic matter forms a thin spherical shell (which appears in the diagram as a circle, since the embedding diagram is a 2-dimensional representation of the 3-dimensional spatial geometry of the wormhole).

The shell of exotic matter has negative mass and positive surface pressure. The negative mass ensures that the throat of the wormhole lies outside the horizon, so that travellers can pass through it, while the positive surface pressure prevents the wormhole from collapsing.

In general relativity, one is free to specify whatever geometry one cares to imagine for spacetime; but then Einstein's equations specify what the energy-momentum content of matter in that spacetime must be in order to produce that geometry. Generically, wormholes require negative mass exotic matter at their throats, in order to be traversible.

While the notion of negative mass is certainly bizarre, the vacuum fluctuations near a black hole are exotic, so perhaps exotic matter is not utterly impossible.

Wormhole

In fact there are stories of adventure penetrate through space and time travel that far up, but can cut through space and time trying to travel through a wormhole, maybe? What are some comments that lead to the words of the miraculous. So tickle, what is actually the wormhole?

Wormhole? Wormhole is the 'something' that is theoretically. At least until this article was written second, wormhole only have theories on paper, or appear in films and books science fiction. The existence of the wormhole theory began when Albert Einstein introduced the Theory Relativitas General. Einstein showed that mass can make the space (time) curve / bend, the greater the mass, the more curved space (time). Be difficult?

In 1919, Arthur Eddington proved, at the time when that happens Total sun eclipse, the stars around the Sun is observed in a position shifted from the position that it should. Of course, at the time of eclipse, the stars can be observed in the afternoon. Observation and evidence shows that Einstein was correct. How stars can be shifted from the position that it should? Because the gravity field direction Sun prescind stars gleam.

But evidence of light bending by the sun during eclipse is not related to the wormhole. Verification by Eddington showed that Einstein Relativitas theory is true. From the theory, a fundamental idea that we know then is that the mass affects space (and time). In general, closely associated with the gravity geometry, how the light can turn, did not imagine before. Simply, how the relationship gravity and geometry can be described as the picture below.



Need to be understood that prior to Einstein, space and time are two separate entities, but the Einstein theory that space and time is a single entity that is not integral. Thus, the geometry needs to be understood here as the space-time relationships.

Back on the job Einstein, the theory of Einstein theory of mathematical practice, known as the Einstein field equation, and the solution is known as Scwarzschild solution. Solutions construe this theory about the gravity field on the symmetry of the mass-ball, not berotasi. This is a solution that will become the cikal-blackhole (Blackhole Schwarzschild).

In the year 1916, not long after Einstein introduced the theory Relativitas; Ludwing Flamm realize that Einstein equation has another solution, known as the White Hole, and that the second solution is the two disjoint regions in space-time (even) that terhubungkan (mathematically) by the existence of an 'alley' space-time. Because the theory has not said where the space time in the real world, so it can be black-hole as the entrance and white as the exit hole, but could be in the same world with us (the space that we can understand), or in the room and the other (the other, parallel universe, past, present, future?). However, the law violates the White Hole-2 to thermodynamics, as such, the existence of the White Hole received the difficult easy.

In the year 1935, Albert Einstein and Nathan X learn more regard and Black Hole White Hole is, that the formulation of the theory Relativitas General, the structure of space-time warp may connect two regions of space-time is far away, through a similar form of alley, as a shortcut in space. This work is formally known as the Einstein-X bridges. The goal is not to learn the travel faster than light travel or inter-universe, but more on the search for explanations on the fundamental particles (like electrons) in space-time. Einstein X-bridge is also known by another name, such as Lorentzian Wormhole or Schwazschild wormhole.

In the year 1962, John Wheeler and Robert Fuller indicates that the wormhole type bridge Einstein-X is not stable, the light can not be through any moment wormhole form. Then, if the wormhole can not be passed? (Traversable)? We will review the traversable wormhole immediately later.

However, since that time, the theory of wormhole continually reviewed; likewise, urban legend about the wormhole is present in the middle of the community, especially in science fiction literature.

Scientific theory about the growing wormhole: all have the same principle, the mathematical solution of the geometrical relationship between a point in space-time point with the other, where the relationship can behave as a 'shortcut' in space-time.

How wormhole form? Back on Earth picture illustration. If there is curved space-time at a point, and kelengkungan connected with the space-time on the other, then so is the image of a wormhole. As illustrated in the following, as though everything is beautiful and fun. Doraemon as the doors, we open its doors, and we come to a place far away. beautiful science fiction



Wormhole related to the relationship in space-time, known as Laurentzian wormhole. Relationship, of course, it is said here as a shortcut, because: If traveling from the Gateway to the Moon, can be done much faster, even faster rate than light through normal channels. (Of course, meaning faster than the rate because the light path using a shortcut, not because 'the rate faster than light'). That, of course, if the trip can be done through a wormhole.

However, the complexity arises, because, whether we can determine the end of the trip we? Whether we will be out in the end, in the same universe? Or in the parallel universe? Or we appear in the same time? What we show in our time? Or in the past? Or the future? Of course all possible, because Laurentzian wormhole is a product of the General Theory Relativitas stating that all moving in both space and in time.

Lorentzian wormholes divided into two types:
1) Inter-universe wormholes, wormholes that connect our universe with the 'universe' of others. This is the allegation about the existence of parallel universe.
2) Intra-universe wormholes, wormhole connecting two regions in the same universe.

There is also another wormhole known as the Euclidean wormholes, which, this wormhole in the process have a very micro, as a main concern of experts quantum field theory. Thus, this type of wormhole, at the time this will not be discussed, and Laurentzian wormhole is a wormhole that we study.

Back to the question, whether we might travel through the wormhole? Kip Thorne and Mike Morris in 1988 suggests that the wormhole can be maintained in practice kestabilannya exotic materials (materials that are still theoretical, and has not been found in the world, with behaviors such as mass or reject the negative gravity, instead of abiding in the Newton gravity law). Model theory is known as the Morris-Thorne wormhole. Theories are then developed to maintain stable wormhole, so that it can be, until now on the arguments that there is no material that we ketahi can berperanan to maintain stability, as it requires the existence of negative energy.

Although the wormhole is still a theoretical discourse (and urban legend), but there is no evidence that could support the existence, both from the observation and experiment. Wormhole and whether it is not possible? Or the wormhole can be made?

Theoretically, we could build a wormhole. How? So that the space-time can terlipat required materials and energy which is very unusual, so we seek to live a very dense material in the space there, a course, from the stars ne (u) Tron. Why do stars netron? Stars netron is the type of star that its mass reaches 1.35 to 2.1 times masssa sun, but with a radius of only 20 to 10 km, reaching 30 thousand - 70 thousand less than the Sun. Thus, the heavy-type stars of netron reach 8 × 10 ^ 13 to 2 × 10 ^ 15 g / cm ^ 3.

How many? "Secukupnya" - the giant ring can be formed seukuran beset Sun orbit the Earth. Then, create a ring on the other the other end. After the construction of a giant ring in the second edge is completed, provide voltage electricity which is very high, on both ends, played until the rate reaches light - both of them, and voila, travel across space-time immediately.

The fact that cut through time travel, when the jump to the future that can be received, because it does not conflict with the Special Theory Relativitas, but if his travel back in time? That's a controversy, difficult to understand, can even cause a paradox.

When, one of the ends of the wormhole that was created earlier is driven with a light pace for pace, and according to the theory of Special Relativitas, the pace of things, reach light speed, time to be running slowly; relative movement is to create the time difference between them. So that the alley that are ultimately different time. If that's the end of the silent, someone moving to the far future, but of the, from the end of the move, he will return to the past!

Is the kontroversinya, if someone returns from the future, then kill the parents before he was born, and how he can be 'no' and carry out the mission to kill the parents? With knowledge of Quantum theory, Stephen Hawking introduces' Konjektur Chronology Protection ', which can' protect 'the time between trips. Because in theory, in the alley-pair particles antipartikel continuously create and negate each other, with the brim with energy so intense, can even exceed the energy required for exotic wormhole opened gate. And, wormhole will be disrupted and closed, even before the time machine created. Then if the machine so that time is not possible?

Whatever that may actually happen, whether as a wormhole time machine have? Can happen? Or as a portal between the rooms? All are still open, still waiting on that long, because it should still search for the understanding and unification theory quantum mechanics and gravity. Still much to be learned, and if interested join learn, that many have not understood, while waiting, let the author of science fiction tells about exotic wormhole.

Whether this wormhole?