Takes Carbons To Make Diamond

Carbon may be an element that we know as the day a day soft charcoal black soot, residue burning, the dihujat the environmentalis create CO2 as a climate change makes the world more heat.

Carbon prices vary widely, there is almost a carbon has almost no value, you can buy a sack used for burning charcoal, with just the cheap price, there is also a carbon has little value after the process as active carbon or carbon / graphite is so easy to use software to be eye pencil to write, and there are also quite expensive carbon that when processed into fibers, and carbon and is used in various structures such as a lightweight badminton rackets (Carbonex) or tennis racket, golf stick, stick inducement to the structure of Formula One cars are very lightweight, to structure and invisible fighter satellite relies on the use of carbon composite.

Carbon is one of so much material that is in the earth, and all of the material / material that is in this world, there is a material that has a very high value, sought the search for beauty and good nature of mechanical assets. Diamond or diamond material is a white jewel and sometimes with a black-ray bright and interesting, and is currently the material that is known and the most expensive most sought

Create a scientist, diamond is the most hard materials, with the extreme characteristics. When compared with other materials, diamond is always the top ranking. In addition, known as material terkeras, at least compression, the most rigid good heat conductor, with the smallest coefficient expansi heat, resistant to acid and alkali, transparant and Berlian is one material that has a negative electron.

Indeed have the beauty of diamonds and the nature of the characteristics sought by many people looking. However, who suspected that the white material with bright rays are used to this set of carbon dioxide a jet that has a meaning that is not processed. Diamonds that form a set of individual elements of carbon, with a characteristic atomic arrangement iterance C specifically so that the crystal form to create a solid diamond with different charcoal. Only because the order of the C atoms are formed which create a special crystal Diamond stronger than even steel.

Key fundamental differences between the charcoal graphite diamond crystal structure is the order of the element Carbon. The formation of crystals that are very different this process is influenced by thermal and kinetik received by a set of carbon. Where the temperature and pressure on the rest of the regular burning of carbon or charcoal will only create a soft graphite and black soot. However, when the burning is done at high temperature followed by the pressure environment around the high, the crystal arrangement of carbon atoms become increasingly dense and so special that produce a strong diamond, hard sparkler.

Environment is the appropriate form of carbon black has become a diamond crystal is bright white. High temperature, high pressure to make the order of C atoms in the diamond becomes very dense, and release the structure of bond default charcoal into ties with the new layout.

The Influence of Global Environmental Problems Against Human (part 2) (Environmental Issues Water)

Most of the current environmental problems caused by human activities and socio-economic environment due to the bad events that affect the earth as a whole in both the present and in the future. The increase of CO2 emissions that accompany the consumption of fossil fuels and global warming result in more poor quality water, waste due to the increasing lifestyle changes, and others. This is an example of environmental problems at the moment.

Today, global warming is the most serious problem among the problems which caused the increase in environmental temperature, climate change, rising sea surface water, ecological changes that give greater influence to the basic human existence. In addition, the problem of damage to the ozone layer, acid rain, oksidan fotokimia, and others to give effect to the health and the environment, not only environmental problems air, but also environmental problems of water and land which is in the condition which can not be ignored.

One of the environmental problem of waste is generated from the social and economic activities at this time, in the form of large-scale production, consumption of large-scale, large-scale waste. From the waste and then have problems in the form of earth movement toxic waste from developed countries to developing countries.

Environmental problems can result in destruction of valuable natural environments such as forests, rivers, beaches and others, in addition to damage to the biological diversity that is essential for humans. Therefore the need for international efforts to tackle this.

1. Environmental problems of water

Water provides many benefits to both men to drink, daily life, industry and others. In the natural cycle of water vapor into rain and come down to earth, in the forest, in the land, down to the river and continue to flow to the sea, the evaporation ago to rain again. In the process of pollutant materials are cleaned. In addition, the water between the time of the air and to the river to the sea many times used in various forms as water resources, then returned again to the water cycle. This process gives a great influence to the water, and therefore to give effect to the land and living creatures.

When the cycle is complete can not happen, it will appear different debit instability such as damage to the river water (the emergence of the city due to water damage, the reduced water debit of normal, and others), interruption of water sources, the poor quality water, and other .

Water pollution will provide a broad influence on the flow of rivers and the sea, there is also a deposit in the bottom of the water in the form of hazardous material and has a long-term after several years because these materials can cause interference on human health.

Through the sea pollution could spread to the whole world and have a possible influence to the ecology of animals, especially water.

2. Problems of land

Soil forming factors is the environment that are important, the existence of a basic living creatures, including humans, have an important role for the materials cycle and ecology. Land has a function to produce food, timber, clean air and water to the land, sustain ecological, and others. Damage to the land will give effect to the existence of humans and other living creatures and the ecology. Compared with the water or air, land it is very diverse and response to hazardous materials also vary. The influence of the man usually given to the indirect as the medium through biological or food. They are usually local and different from one place to another.

There is also a problem changing land / dry areas become deserts. According to the UNEP in 1991 in the world there are more than 6.1 billion hectares of dry land, of which 900 million hectares is the area that is a very dry desert sand. This will be a big problem because about 70% of the dry area (3.6 billion ha) or about ¼ wide earth's surface will turn into desert.

3. The problem of waste

Social economic activities at this time a large-scale production, consumption of large-scale and large-scale production of waste. Along with the rising standard of living was increasing the volume of waste, various types of waste, and the reduced capacity of the waste disposal. This is increasing the burden on the environment in each phase to become a source of waste.

In the case of hazardous waste, most visible form of increased cases berpindahnya location of waste processing. Because of the diversity of quality and increasing waste volume of waste, the waste processing move from countries with high cost of processing to countries with lower processing costs, or move from state laws that have strict processing of waste to countries that loose rules. There is a concern when the recipient country does not perform the processing of waste properly, then the country will receive an influence on the environment or ecology. Moving hazardous waste is also a problem. Because the plan to begin to move the waste from developed countries to developing countries, then made a discussion on international based in UNEP, and in 1989 in Basel, Switzerland created a Convention Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their disposal.

4. Natural environmental issues

Forest Area in the earth is approximately ¼ wide earth's land, on the extent of about 1995 billion in 3454 ha. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), forests in the world, especially tropical forests, throughout the world decrease of 56.3 million ha from 1990 to 1995. Average each year about 11.3 million ha of forest destroyed, and this is about 30% of the total area of Japan. Forest Area, since 1990 until 1995 in developed countries (except Russia) is 8.78 million ha, but in developing countries decreased by more than 7 times the number of growing forest in developed countries or of 65.15 million ha (average per year 11.03 million ha), and speed of the high forest destroyed. Among developing countries, reduction in tropical forest is the most quickly. For non-tropical forest areas in developing countries, from 1990 to 1995 average annual broad forest decreased 430 thousand ha, while the tropical forest is reduced 12.59 million ha. The cause of the reduced tropical forests in developing countries is social and economic problems such as poverty, population increase, land regulations, and others. Because the plant CO2 in the air into organic material through fotomorfosis, tropical forests play a role as a source of CO2 absorption. Reduction in forest akan accelerate global warming rate. Besides mentioned that 50 - 80% of the living creatures on earth live in tropical forests, tropical forests also have an important role in maintaining biological diversity. Reduction in tropical forest will make extinction of animals and plants, and result in decreasing the seeding seeds.

5. Problems diversity of plants and animals other

According to UNEP estimated that there are 3 - 11.1 million species on earth including the plant species that have not been known. When this has been confirmed that there are about 1.75 million species. The variety of species such as this with its level of diversity in the genes, the diversity of ecology, they all referred to as biological diversity. But biological diversity is rapidly destroyed when the forest destruction continues, it is estimated that about 4% -8 types of flora that live in tropical forests will be extinct.

Currently the rate destroyed flora and fauna began already slowed. Type of flora is destroyed not because of natural processes, but mainly because of social economic activities of men. To keep the preservation of plants and wildlife that is made of a convention Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

The Influence of Global Environmental Problems Against Human (part 1) (Environmental Issues Air)

Most of the environmental problems caused by the current social and economic human activities. Memburuknya environment due to activities that affect the earth as a whole in both the present and in the future. The increase of CO2 emissions that accompany the consumption of fossil fuels and global warming result in more poor quality water, waste due to the increasing lifestyle changes, and others.

Today, global warming is a problem that most attract attention among the environmental problems that cause the increase in temperature, climate change, rising sea surface water, and ecological changes that give greater influence to the basic human existence. In addition, the problem of damage to the ozone layer, acid rain, oksidan fotokimia, and others to give effect to the health and the environment, not only environmental problems air, but also environmental problems of water and land which is in the condition which can not be ignored.

One of the environmental problem of waste is generated from the social and economic activities at this time, in the form of large-scale production, consumption of large-scale, large-scale waste, and waste and have problems in the form of earth movement toxic waste from developed countries to developing countries.

Environmental problems can result in destruction of valuable natural environments such as forests, rivers, beaches and others, in addition to damage to the biological diversity that is essential for humans. Therefore efforts should be coordinated internationally to tackle this.

1. Global warming

Environmental issues at this time the most interesting concern is global warming. Earth receives energy emanated by the sun and is warm, and cold as a release of energy to space. When energy is in the balance of the earth's temperature will also be fixed and stable. But if the concentration of gas in the air (greenhouse gases), which works to prevent offshore energy space increases, then there imparity and earth surface temperature will increase. The increase in temperature is causing climate change and rising sea surface water. These changes provide a great effect on the basic human existence such as ecology. This is called the global warming problem. IPCC with the WMO as a forum for government-level discussions about the problem with global warming the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) reported that 64% of greenhouse gases is CO2. By around 80% because the amount of CO2 generated comes from fossil fuel consumption, the reduction of CO2 to be an important topic. It is seen that the global warming result in increased concentration of greenhouse gases, increasing an average temperature of the earth, and rising surface sea water. Both in the IPCC reports based on data in 1995, acknowledges that global warming has been caused because the artificial effect of increasing emissions of greenhouse gases since the occurrence of industrial revolution. Here you can see the influence of heating based on the report to the IPCC-2.

(1) Increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases

Concentration of greenhouse gases in the air constantly during the period before the industrial revolution in the mid-year 1700-an, and then increased after the industrial revolution, and increased very rapidly in the last. According to the IPCC, the concentration of CO2 in the period before the industrial revolution of 280 ppmv to be 358 ppmv in 1994 (ppmv = one part per million, the difference in volume). It is largely as a result of human activity that is largely because the fossil fuels, changes in land use patterns and agriculture.

(2) Climate change and increased sea surface water

Increased concentration of greenhouse gases will increase an average temperature of the earth, and the increase in temperature makes the surface sea water rises through the sea water expansion, pelelehan ice in the polar or high mountain. Since entering this century, the number of known data from the mountain, the ice is reduced, and the visible changes that can become serious problems such as symptoms of extreme high temperatures, increased drought and flooding likely.

According to the IPCC, the earth temperature increased an average of 0.3 - 0.6 OC since the late 19th century (Figure 2) and surface sea water increased from 10 to 25 cm during the last 100 years. Estimated in the year 2100 temperature average of the whole earth 2 increased compared to 1990 OC, the surface sea water will rise 50 cm, and after that year was the temperature will continue to increase. In addition, even if for example the increased concentration of greenhouse gases can be stopped until the end of the 21st century, it is estimated that the increase in temperature and the high surface sea water will continue.

Improvement of surface sea water and a climate that cause extreme concern the increasing flood tide and waves in the coastal region. For example, the surface 50 cm sea level rise, if preventive action is not done then the world's population is vulnerable to wave pairs is estimated to increase from the current number of 46 million people into 92 million people.

(3) Climate abnormal

Due to the increased average temperature of the earth, the rain changed into, it is estimated that rainfall and drought become extreme, and the possibility of a storm increases. Lately, the abnormal form of high temperature that is not normal, flood, drought, and others, seen in every place in the world, and men are encouraged to have the attention to the relationship between the increase of natural disasters and global warming.

(4) Effect on health

Result of increases in average temperature earth, people with diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, and others will increase. According to the IPCC, it is estimated that with increasing temperature 3.5 0C only malaria have increased approximately 5 - 8 million people per year.

(5) Effect on ecology

According to the IPCC, when the climate and the abnormal increase in damage is not thought, with the belief in the supply of food all over the world are in a state of balance, there will be a supply gap of between one very large place with other places because there are areas that have increased production and the region have experienced decrease in production. In the tropics and sub-tropical, on the one hand there is increasing population, the number of reduced food production, have increased the danger of hunger and poor evacuation in the region that includes the dry and half dry.

2. Damage the ozone layer

When the freon, which is artificial chemicals released into the air and reach the stratosphere (room 10 - 50 km above ground), then it will be the cause of damage to the ozone layer in the stratosphere, and this is a problem in recent years. Because the ozone layer as a function to absorb most of the ultra violet rays are harmful to humans, then the ozone layer was damaged when the number of ultra violet rays that reach the earth will rise and this will give bad effects to human health and ecology. The increasing number of ultra violet rays that reach the earth rise to concerns about bad effect on human health such as skin cancer, cataracts, decreased immunity and bad effects of plants on land and water ecology. Lately visible symptoms start called ozone hole, which is increasingly tipisnya the ozone layer in the stratosphere above the south pole, and in the year 1998 ozone hole that occurs is the biggest compared to previous times. Decreasing trend of the ozone layer occurs in almost all regions of the world except tropical.

3. Acid rain

Acid rain is rain water, dew and snow that has a high level of acidity (low pH) due to acid soluble and acid sulphate nitrate. This is mainly because the Sox and Nox emissions from burning fossil fuels to the air. This acid rain due to water on the earth, as the lake water and river water to become sour, and this will give effect to the development and utilization of natural resources, to give effect to the various types of fish, to give effect to the forest because the soil becomes acid, but also directly on the stick wooden buildings or cultural heritage, which caused damage to the building. Thus, the wide range of influences. Acid rain can reach the region 500 - 1000 km from the source separated material causes acid rain, and therefore one of the characteristics is that these symptoms cover a wide area, beyond the state boundaries.

In the United States and Europe where acid rain is a problem first, there are reports about the lake water into the acid, the reduced forest wide, dead fish, and others due to acid rain. The report on this matter, there are in Japan. Acid rain is a problem before in developed countries, is now also increasingly become a major problem in developing countries due to industrialization.

4. Photochemistry Oxidant

Oxidant Photochemistry pollutant is the primary form of Nox and hydrocarbons (HC) were released from factories and vehicles. After receiving the sun will have a reaction Photochemistry changed to secondary materials such as ozone, and this is a cause of the occurrence of fog Photochemistry. Oxidant Photochemistry have a high acid, high in concentration to provide stimulus to the eyes or throat, give effect to the respiratory organs, and also to agricultural products.