Star-shaped Explosion Pearl necklace

Cameras Hubble space telescope record a Supernova explosion or a series of stars, surrounded by a sphere of white pearl necklace as a sparkler. more beautiful because of the more left-right between two bright stars that shine like jewel.

Supernova 1987A is the name given is already known since two decades ago. However, the unique shapes that are revealed after the photogenic new Hubble in December 2006.

At the circle in the pink material that may be left behind when the terrible explosion occurred. While the bright lights around the outermost layer of the material that emanated stars entering times dying.

When stars run out of energy, there was a giant explosion and shock waves that heat the terluar materials. This is making the circle on the outside light. Uniquely, the outermost sphere formed around the sphere-pearl.

This is the Oldest Object in the Nature of Current

Satellite Swift Aviation Agency and the property to the U.S. (NASA) and the oldest record farthest object that was successfully recorded so far. Object is the form of a explosion of energy from stars that died.

The existence of an object is detected the first time on 23 April. Swift gamma-ray emission record which is estimated from the explosion that resulted in a high radiation.

Earth station and then directed to the phosphorescent light on the surrounding that as a result of radiation. Explosion only lasts about 10 seconds and occurred in 630 million years since the universe is created.

Calculation results show that phosphorescence light was recorded to explore outer space for 13.1 billion years to light recorded at this time. Age of the object is older than the oldest previous record object, 100-200 hundred million years.

NASA experts, astro physics, Neil Gehrels, states, death star explosion will produce a black hole. Age alone is estimated that stars of a million years and 30 times its size when the sun explode.

Sky Bubbles Mysterious Age 12.9 Billion Years

A mysterious object recorded most remote in space. The call astronomy as primordial bubbles that are named Himiko, a name taken from the Kingdom of Japan's ancient queen who was also the same mysterious.

So called because the object is a giant form not long after the universe form the beginning of the explosion (Big Bang). Size is very large, in the form of the mass of gas 40 billion times the mass and the sun and a half times the diameter galaxy Bima Sakti.

Very old age is about 12.9 billion light years (light year is equivalent to 9.5 trillion kilometers). Himiko structure that was not able to give descriptions of early galaxy formation when the universe is still very young and the new age of around 800 million years.

"I had never heard the other kind of object that this far in the distance," said Masami Ouchi, researchers from the Carnegie Institution, California, USA. Objects may be similar bubble Lyman-Alpha that between 2-3 billion years.

Himiko form at the end of the epic that ionization takes place between 200 million and one billion years since the Big Bang. At that time, the universe just a new form of birth and the stars and the galaxy.

Shaped like a gas bubble may form terionisasi that beset supermasif giant black hole or a collection of cold gas. However, it can be Himiko is the result of the collision of two galaxy ignites young, single giant galaxy, or the location of the formation of stars that are very active.

Himiko was first recorded using the Subaru telescope in Hawaii in 2007. Ouchi and his team then conducted more carefully using the instrument spektrografi Keck / DEIMOS and Magellan / IMACS. From observation, the uterus was detected hydrogen ionization, the distance, and age of an object is mysterious.

"We plan to make infrared observations with Hubble space telescope to make sure, if there are characteristics merging objects or not," says Ouchi. However, it can be repaired Hubble after the flight mission in NASA aircraft that Atlantis is scheduled next month.

Wormhole Really Exist?

The metric admits negative square root as well as positive square root solutions for the geometry.

The complete geometry consists of a black hole, a white hole, and two Universes connected at their horizons by a wormhole.

The negative square root solution inside the horizon represents a white hole. A white hole is a black hole running backwards in time. Just as black holes swallow things irretrievably, so also do white holes spit them out. White holes cannot exist, since they violate the second law of thermodynamics.

General Relativity is time symmetric. It does not know about the second law of thermodynamics, and it does not know about which way cause and effect go. But we do.

The negative square root solution outside the horizon represents another Universe. The wormhole joining the two separate Universes is known as the Einstein-Rosen bridge.

Do wormholes really exist?

Wormholes certainly exist as exact solutions of Einstein's equations.

However:

1. When a realistic star collapses to a black hole, it does not produce a wormhole.
2. The complete geometry includes a white hole, which violates the second law of thermodynamics.
3. Even if a wormhole were somehow formed, it would be unstable and fly apart.

Spacetime diagram of the wormhole

The coordinate system is arranged so that the worldlines of radially infalling (yellow) and outgoing (ochre) light rays lie at 45^o.

The white hole is the region at the bottom of the diagram, bounded by the two red antihorizons. The black hole is the region at the top of the diagram, bounded by the two pink-red horizons. Both white and black holes have singularities at their centres, the cyan lines. The regions at left and right outside the horizons are the two Universes. The two Universes are joined by a wormhole, the region of spacetime between the white hole and black hole singularities.

As long as the inhabitants of the two Universes remain outside the horizons, they cannot meet or communicate with each other. However, the inhabitants can meet after falling into the black hole. Having met, they also soon meet the singularity.

Penrose diagram of the wormhole














Instability of the wormhole

The embedding diagram of the Schwarzschild wormhole illustrated at the top of the page seems to show a static wormhole. However, this is an illusion of the coordinate system, which is ill-behaved at the horizon.

The diagram reveals that in reality the wormhole is dynamic, and unstable. The tremendous gravity impels the wormhole both to elongate along its length, and to shrink about its middle.

The yellow arrows indicate the directionality of the horizons. A person (or signal) can pass through a horizon only in the direction of the arrow, not the other way.

There is a certain arbitrariness to the shapes of these embedding diagrams - the spatial geometry at a given `time' depends on what you decide to label as time, how you slice spacetime into hypersurfaces of constant time. The inset shows the slicing for the embedding diagrams adopted here, drawn on the spacetime diagram.

Impossible to pass through the wormhole

Unfortunately it is impossible for a traveller to pass through the wormhole from one Universe into the other. A traveller can pass through a horizon only in one direction, indicated by the yellow

arrows. First, the traveller must wait until the two white holes have merged, and their horizons met. The traveller may then enter through one horizon. But having entered, the traveller cannot exit, either through that horizon or through the horizon on the other side. The fate of the traveller who ventures in is to die at the singularity which forms from the collapse of the wormhole.

The traveller can however see light signals from the other Universe.

The trapped region between the two horizons is the bubble encountered on the trip into the black hole.

A glimpse through the wormhole

Suppose, despite the objections, that our Universe were attached to another Universe through a wormhole. What would we see?

Here is a glimpse through the wormhole at the other Universe, visible through the Schwarzschild surface still ahead and below us. We are at 0.35 Schwarzschild radii from the central singularity. For simplicity, I have supposed that the other Universe contains stars exactly like ours, so it's a bit like looking through a distorted mirror.

Only after falling through the horizon of the black hole are we able to see the other Universe through the throat of the wormhole. We are never able to enter the other Universe, and the penalty for seeing it is death at the singularity.

It would be foolhardy to attempt this fatal experiment in the hopes of glimpsing another Universe. As seen in the next section, when a realistic star collapses to form a black hole, it does not produce a wormhole.

29 May 1998 update. Oops, there's yet another set of grid lines missing from this picture, and in the movie below. Through the mouth (pink) of the wormhole, we should be able to see the surface of the black hole as seen in the other Universe, curved into our view by the gravity of the black hole, in the same way that we can see the surface (red) of the black hole in our own Universe through the screen formed by the outward surface (white). I'll fix it when I get the time.

Stabilizing a wormhole with exotic matter

In principle, a wormhole could be stabilized by threading its throat with `exotic matter'. In the stable wormhole at left, the exotic matter forms a thin spherical shell (which appears in the diagram as a circle, since the embedding diagram is a 2-dimensional representation of the 3-dimensional spatial geometry of the wormhole).

The shell of exotic matter has negative mass and positive surface pressure. The negative mass ensures that the throat of the wormhole lies outside the horizon, so that travellers can pass through it, while the positive surface pressure prevents the wormhole from collapsing.

In general relativity, one is free to specify whatever geometry one cares to imagine for spacetime; but then Einstein's equations specify what the energy-momentum content of matter in that spacetime must be in order to produce that geometry. Generically, wormholes require negative mass exotic matter at their throats, in order to be traversible.

While the notion of negative mass is certainly bizarre, the vacuum fluctuations near a black hole are exotic, so perhaps exotic matter is not utterly impossible.